The global initiatives of green transition and carbon neutrality have led to a rapid increase in the deployment of renewable energy sources. The capacity of newly installed wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generations accounted for 78.8% of total new installations in 2023 in China. Those renewable energy sources are interfaced with the power grid via inverters, i.e., inverter-based resources (IBRs), whose dynamics are dependent on the digital control algorithms and features more controllability and flexibility than synchronous generators (SGs). The increasing replacement of SGs with IBRs leads to a paradigm shift in power system dynamics, which brings in two major challenges.
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